Lviv

As I sit here watching men’s gymnastics in Moldovan and recovering from my 18 hour bus ride from Lviv, a thought occurred to me: Ukraine is great!

Every time I visit a new Ukrainian city, I am impressed. First, I thought Odessa was the best city in Ukraine (sorry, Kiev). Then Sevastopol replaced it. Now Lviv is a serious contender for the much-sought-after title of Erin’s Favorite Ukrainian City.

What makes Lviv so great? It is a breath of fresh air.

Now, I’m not against Soviet architecture. I feel that it is often unfairly maligned. Look at this example of Soviet architecture:

Republic Square, Yerevan, Armenia

Or how about this one:

Moscow State University

Not as ugly as the stereotypes, right?

Nevertheless, the Soviet architecture can get a little old. I’m not sure who thought it was a good idea to put the Moldovan ballet in this boxy building, but I would like to slap them in the face. This is what a real theater should look like!

Lviv Opera and Ballet Theater

Lviv’s historic city center, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is pure Central European bliss. Beautiful façades, bright colors, picturesque cafes. Lviv’s residents know how to live! 

Lviv was traded back and forth between Poland and the Austrian Empire, which left a happy architectural legacy. Unlike the rest of Ukraine, Western Ukraine (including Lviv) was only incorporated into the USSR after World War II. In the years leading up to World War II, Lviv was part of the Second Polish Republic; the majority of its population was Polish or Jewish. After the Holocaust and the transfer of its Polish population to Poland, Lviv became an ethnically Ukrainian city.

To this day, Western Ukraine resists the influence of the Russian language in Ukraine. (The blue-and-yellow banner in the photo of the Opera and Ballet Theater above reads "One Ukraine, One State Langauge" in response to recent legislation that would make Russian a second state language in Ukraine.) Russian has historically reigned among ethnic Ukrainians in Ukraine’s big cities, but in Lviv I only heard Ukrainian on the streets. It was definitely fun to see how much I could understand through Russian. Some have said that Lviv’s residents are hostile to Russian, but I didn’t have any trouble getting around town with my Russian.

Three of us Harvard summer researchers were located within striking distance of Lviv, so we decided to meet up for the weekend and get to know the city. In our explorations of the city, we were lucky to have the assistance of my Harvard REECA classmate and Lviv native Anastasiya and her lovely sister and wonderful brother-in-law. Such nice people! Such hospitality! Such large cats! Exclamation points don’t do it justice.

While it took me almost a day to get there and a day to get back, Lviv was definitely worth visiting. I just consider it pre-gaming for my History of Ukraine class next semester.

For more pictures of Lviv, check out my album on Facebook.

McDonald's Update: Lviv

Interior of a classy McDonald's in Lviv...

Anti-McDonald's backlash!

Although its not immediately clear from the English translation, the sign plays off of the McDonald's "I'm lovin' it" slogan in Ukrainian (Я це люблю). It should really be translated in English this way: "I'm not lovin' it... / ...I'm lovin' borsch!"

Chisinau's Dendrarium

A few weekends ago, my REECA classmate Regina came to visit Chisinau for the first time since she left Moldova with her family at the age of 3. This was as good an excuse as any to leave Comrat for the weekend and go up to Chisinau and help Regina explore her native land.

Regina and I discovered the dendrarium, which apparently is the Moldovan name for a really cool botanical park. I have to say that I didn’t give Moldova enough credit. I didn’t realize there was anything this nice in the entire country. The gardens were manicured, there was no trash anywhere, and there were even lily pads. They even had a cute little train for kids! As Regina said, "Are we in Moldova or France?"

[I’ve noticed that I’ve started to adopt a very post-Soviet mentality of commenting on the cleanliness of everything. I’m not sure if this has to do with the decline in public services since the fall of the USSR or what, but it seems to be the first thing people here notice about a place.]

Since I don’t actually spend that much time in Chisinau, I still screw up the public transportation from time to time. This was definitely one of those occasions. On the way back, we just stood on the opposite side of the street, assuming that would take us back the way we came. This apparently logical thought led us sadly astray. We ended up going to the outskirts of Chisinau instead of the center. 

This was one of those moments that disproved the former Soviet stereotype of dour and unfriendly people. Several people on the bus helped us out once it became apparent that we were very lost. They alerted the bus driver to our situation, and we ended up going to the end of the line to wait until another bus left in the opposite direction to take us back to the city. Several of (shirtless) bus drivers were waiting at the end of the line and they invited us to sit with them.

I’m always slightly intimidated by bus drivers in the former Soviet Union, since they seem like a pretty tough crew. Their job involves weaving through traffic while making change at the same time, so they are usually intense. These guys were actually very nice. One was wearing a top hat, which is even weirder in Moldova than it is in the U.S. Another driver treated me to an apple and asked us what we thought of Obama. When someone asks me this question, I usually gear up to hear something racist, but this guy said he thought Obama was doing a good job and treated everyone fairly. We had a good time chatting and decided that in the end we were happy to have gotten lost!

After 15 minutes, the non-racist bus driver started the drive back to the center of Chisinau, but not before the top-hatted bus driver kissed us on our cheeks. The bus dropped us off in the center, and we rewarded ourselves with a tasty Moldovan lunch. 

Getting lost on public transportation: just think of it as a really cheap city tour!

Beşalma 2

Any trip to the south of Moldova should include a visit to the museum in the village of Beşalma devoted to Gagauz history and ethnography. I made my first trek out to Beşalma in 2010, and this year I thought a second pilgrimage was in order.

Beşalma

First, a brief digression about villages. We don’t really have villages in America; we have towns. A village is essentially a place where people have been living and farming for a long time. There are very few amenities in a village. They usually have one or two churches, a few stores, a bar, a mayor’s office, a few schools, and the rest is individual houses with vegetable gardens. Villages are not always tiny; they usually have a population of at least several thousand.

If you’re still not sure if you’re in a village, ask this question: Are the toilets indoor or outdoor? If the toilets are outdoor, you’re in a village.

There are two basic reasons this museum is so cool. First of all, it’s in a village! Villages are not exactly known for being centers of culture, so it’s incredibly strange to find a good museum in a place where the main occupations seem to be farming and shepherding. 

 Nobody understood why Karaçoban wanted this stuff!

Secondly, the museum’s founder Dimitri Karaçoban, completely on his own, without any help from the government, collected all of the objects in the museum and designed the exhibitions. Mind you, this was during the Soviet period, when nobody did anything that wasn’t sponsored by the government. Moreover, in the 1960s and ‘70s, people though it was completely bizarre that Karaçoban wanted to make a museum dedicated to Gagauz culture. During the time that Karaçoban was collecting Gagauz artifacts and making films about village life, the Gagauz language wasn’t even being taught in schools and hardly any books in Gagauz were being published. 

But first some more background about Dimitri Karaçoban. He was born in 1933 and graduated from the Maxim Gorky Literary Institute in Leningrad in the early 1960s. This in itself was amazing at the time. Karaçoban’s community was ravaged by war, repression and famine in the 1940s. Illiteracy among the Gagauz was very common at the beginning of the early Soviet period. Literacy rates increased considerably in the early 1950s thanks to Soviet literacy campaigns, but many people still only finished elementary school before economic necessity forced them to quit school and start working. So Dimitri Karaçoban’s matriculation at the Literary Institute was like a Native American kid from the rez enrolling at Harvard. It was incredibly rare.

According to my host dad Grigori, who grew up in Beşalma, after Karaçoban graduated from the Literary Institute, he could have taken a prestigious job in Chisinau and worked there. But Karaçoban turned them down. All he wanted to do was go back to Beşalma and write poetry. And so he did, riding around town on his bicycle, periodically pausing to jot down his latest stanza. The government-controlled publishing houses weren’t interested in publishing Karaçoban’s poetry, so he and his wife were poor. All the same, they were well-liked in the village, and kids like my host dad would come visit them and listen to Dimitri recite his poetry.

Display of books by Karaçoban in the museum

After the so-called national-awakening of the 1980’s and ‘90s, the museum started to get the respect and funding it deserved. I made the trek to Beşalma with a researcher from the Czech Republic to check it out once more.

This is a collection of women's tools from a traditional Gagauz home. In front you have a loom, in back you have a stove. If you look closely, you can see irons above the stove!

This is where people stomped on the grapes when making wine. Quaint as that is, I'm rather glad they don't make wine that way anymore.

I know this looks like a medieval torture device, but it's actually for making wine.

Moldova was caught between the Red Army and Romanian fascist troops during World War II. The shoes on the left belonged to a Beşalma resident who was imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp. According to the guide, these are the shoes he wore as he made the long journey home after the war.

This is actually a sleigh. I'd like to ride around on this thing!

Much like in the U.S., handmade embroidery was an important part of a woman's dowry. This time around, I watched a short film of Gagauz wedding traditions recorded by Karaçoban in the 1960s. It could have been recorded in the 1860s! It was awesome to see—in color!—the lively wedding festivities. I don't have room here to describe them all, but one did involve making the couple kiss over a goose. The problem is that the goose generally tries to interfere.

We got to hear some traditional violin music in the film.

My travel companion Milan gamely made the 2 km trek with me to the cemetery to pay our respects to the grave of Karaçoban and his wife. The director of the museum was quite embarrassed about the weedy state of the cemetery and warned us in advance.

The humble grave of Lyudmila Pokrovskaya, a professor of Turkology from Leningrad who made the trek to Gagauzia to create a Cyrillic alphabet for the Gagauz language in 1957. Upon her death in 2009, she requested to be buried in Beşalma.

Dimitri and Zinaida Karaçoban

Language Learning as Lifestyle Choice

I remember talking to a high school debate coach once about his latest success story: a new debater who was cleaning up at novice debate tournaments. He acknowledged that she was talented, but said that she would never be a great debater.

“Why?” we asked, since she was already obviously successful.

“Because she doesn’t debate in her everyday life,” he said, going on to explain that truly successful debaters are people who are constantly discussing issues and crafting arguments even when they are just hanging out with their friends. They unconsciously practice debate everyday. The coach considered his new recruit intelligent, but intellectually complacent.

I feel like a very similar principle can be applied to language learning. Just like initial success at a debate tournament doesn’t guarantee long-term success, success in learning a foreign language in the classroom doesn’t necessarily translate to success in the real world. Both require everyday outside reinforcement.

This is why I see language learning as a lifestyle choice. I can’t count the number of times I have memorized verb charts for a test only to forget them within a week. If you want to really master a language, it needs to be something you do in your free time. Classes and homework aren’t really going to reinforce the necessary knowledge. You’ll forget the vocabulary and verbs after a few months if you don’t do something about it. You need something extra: reading books in the target language, watching soap operas, listening to music, whatever works for you. And if you don’t want to spend your free time practicing the language...well, that’s a good sign you don’t consider it really worth learning.

Thinking about language learning got me thinking about learning other subjects. Why should history (or any other subject) be so different from language learning? If you really want to be knowledgable about a subject, then it just makes sense that you would seek out ways to learn more. I’m not one to pick up a history textbook for fun. [Some who have known me may dispute this!] Nevertheless I do find myself gravitating to books and podcasts that refresh my knowledge on certain historical subjects that I am interested in. I also find that traveling, even if it is to a place 30 minutes away from where I live, also helps me get excited about new things and reinforces what I already know.

I think the mentality that “learning = school” is pretty deadly for actual learning. It has certainly led to many a disillusioned foreign language student studying a language for four years in college and then wondering why they still can’t understand people. I think the best teachers give us a firm foundation in a topic, and then inspire us to figure out what we want to build on that foundation.

[Note: I wrote this while I was supposed to be doing my daily Russian reading. Curse you, blog!]

McDonald's

It took traveling to the former Soviet Union for me to figure out why McDonald’s is so popular all over the world.

Don’t get me wrong, I have read The Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan and am fully aware of the evils that industrialized food have wrought upon America and the world.

Nevertheless, much to my own bemusement, I often find myself eating at McDonald’s when I am doing research or study trips to the former Soviet Union.

Part of the appeal of McDonald’s for me is that when I am abroad, I’m eating local food three times a day, every day. After a while you can definitely experience cravings for American-style food. I’m not against Eastern European food, but eating it day after day is tiring for someone who likes variety. Don’t get me wrong, there are lots of delicious dishes in Russian/Ukrainian/Moldovan cuisine. I just had grilled peppers and eggplant yesterday, which was quite delicious. Nevertheless, your average housewife here doesn’t really season food. Instead they load it the food up with either sour cream or dill, which in the long run does not satisfy my tastebuds. So after several weeks or months of this I just want some salty fries with ketchup, gol’ darn it! Even though I shudder to think of McDonald’s as American-style food, realistically it’s the best substitute I am going to get given that I don’t cook for myself here.

Putting that aside, there are other advantages of McDonald’s in Eastern Europe that are not always obvious at first glance. The Soviet Union had a very poorly developed restaurant culture. People either ate at cafeterias or ate at home. Your average (non-rich, non-Westernized) person who grew up in the Soviet Union does not eat at restaurants except for special occasions like birthdays and weddings. As a result, the restaurants are a total mixed bag. Some of them are expensive but good because they cater to a tourist crowd. Many are just bad, with indifferent staff and poor quality food. You can’t just walk in to any restaurant and expect to have a good meal. And if you’re looking for something “cheap and cheery,” as the Brits like to say, you’re usually out of luck, unless you’re a big fan of pizza with toppings like ketchup or mayonnaise. (For some reason, inexpensive pizza with very un-Italian toppings is not hard to find.)

The people who run McDonald’s realize that there is a demand for food that is consistent and served with a smile. McDonald’s here are new and clean. The bathrooms are not gross. The prices aren’t cheap for locals, but they’re not extravagant either. Perhaps most importantly, you always know exactly what you are going to get for your money. That McFlurry that you like is going to be the same McFlurry every time! No unpleasant surprises, no inflated bill at the end of the meal. 

You've got to admit, this McDonald's in Sevastopol is pretty classy.

Sometimes McDonald’s main advantage in the former Soviet Union is that it is simply the only game in town. If you’re up extremely early or extremely late, McDonald’s is a godsend. Plus, McDonald’s are the only restaurant where you can bring in something like a backpack or a suitcase without getting weird looks from waiters. As a result, they are a haven for travelers. When my train arrived in Odessa at the absurd time of 4:50 in the morning, I had no idea where to go. Then I saw a dozen people standing around McDonald’s like zombies entranced by the glowing lights. It was 5:15 and the McDonald’s was opening in 15 minutes. The crowd grew to two dozen, and I happily joined them. I think I was never happier to see a McDonalds. I knew that waiting for me through those doors was a hot meal and delicious brewed coffee, which is difficult to find here in the land of instant coffee. At 5:30 in the morning after a long train ride, it was a godsend! 

Of course, there are exceptions to this rule. Some places like Georgia and Armenia are blessed with delicious local cuisine that you can quickly get addicted to. Furthermore, with success comes competition. In many parts of the former Soviet Union, local fast-food chains are giving McDonalds some good competition. If they make a tasty, consistent product, I say more power to them.

Overall, my experiences in Eastern Europe have given me a more positive view of McDonald’s. To me it just goes to show that you can’t immediately assume that American cultural products, be they fast food or Lady Gaga, have the same meaning in other cultures that they do for us at home. I almost never eat at McDonalds in the States because 99% of the time I have a better option, but here sometimes McDonald’s really is is the best you can get.

Fun at Border Crossings

When the Soviet Union dissolved and 15 independent nations laid claim to their territory, one of the early tasks was to set up miles and miles of borders. Thus, it’s somewhat ironic that in the age of globalization, it actually became much more time-consuming and tedious to travel within the former Soviet Union. Today, border crossings in the former Soviet Union are pretty uniformly irritating. It usually takes at least an hour to cross the border in a bus, and sometimes much longer.

For some reason, I always seem to get stuck with the bus driver that the border guards have decided to punish. On the way to Odessa from Chisinau, we discovered, much to our dismay, that the driver’s passport was expired. Let me repeat that one more time: THE DRIVER’S PASSPORT WAS EXPIRED. It was truly the height of incompetence. He claimed to have “grabbed the wrong documents” on the way out the door. The border guards said that this driver had tried to cross with expired documents before and they weren’t letting him through.

When the middle-aged women standing next to me heard this, she uttered the Russian curse word пиздец. When the middle-aged ladies are swearing, you know you’re screwed. So, we the passengers were left to try and figure out what to do. I should add that it was extremely hot and humid, which didn’t help anyone’s mood. People started arguing with the driver, who steadfastly refused to take responsibility for the passengers whom he had just stranded at the border. Understandably, people started swearing at the driver. Meanwhile, other passengers started working things out with the border guards to get their documents stamped so that they could hop on other buses that were going through the crossing. About half of the passengers figured out how to do this. None of this was actually organized and half of the conversations were in Moldovan, so I was quite confused and starting to seriously worry.

After two hours of sorting out this ridiculous situation, finally the border guards decided they had punished the errant driver enough and decided to let him go through the crossing. The guards on the Ukrainian side weren’t as assiduous as the Moldovan guards and let us pass without any trouble. We arrived in Odessa two hours late. Situations like these that remind me why neither of these countries are major tourist destinations yet.

On the way back, I had even more entertainment on the border. In Odessa I made the mistake of getting on a bus that was going to Chisinau through Transnistria. 

For those of you not familiar with the historical/geographical/political oddity that is Transnistria, it is what we in the biz like to call a “frozen conflict.” Transnistria actually was incorporated into the Soviet Union in the 1920s (instead of after World War II like the rest of Moldova) so it was and is culturally, economically, and politically different from the rest of Moldova. It was more industrial, more Russophone, more ethnically-diverse: in a word, more Soviet. Basically, the authorities in Tiraspol, the second-largest city in Moldova and the capital of today’s breakaway state of Transnistria, decided they didn’t like where the country was heading when Moldova became independent and decided to set up their own country instead. The Russian military division stationed in Transnistria decided to help out, and after a brief and bloody conflict, the Moldovan authorities in Chisinau lost control over Transnistria.

Considering that Transnistria is in the north and I am in the south, it hardly ever affects my life in Moldova. Except, of course, when I travel to Ukraine and accidentally get on a bus going through Transnistria. Transnistria is smack-dab between Chisinau and Odessa. The main problem is that you have to go through two Transnistrian border crossings on the way from Odessa to Chisinau. In Transnistria, they’re still much more egregiously corrupt than other border guards in the former Soviet Union.

I was pretty nervous about going through Transnistria. It’s generally not a big deal, but it is known that if you get into trouble in Transnistria, the U.S. Embassy has no pull in this pseudo-country and cannot help you. I kept fussing on the border about every detail, and the other people in the bus were actually very nice about helping me out and telling me not to worry too much.

So, what ended up happening was that I got solicited for bribes twice. On both the entry and exit borders, the guards made me get off the bus, go into their sketchy office, and then tried to tell me that I didn’t have the correct stamps for entering Moldova (because I crossed through Transnistria...duh) so I would have to pay a “fine.” At the first border crossing the guy in charge told the guard who was giving me trouble to cut it out so I was free to go. (I’m guessing the Transnistrian authorities have sent out the word that guards shouldn’t be quite so overtly corrupt anymore.) 

At the second border crossing I had a more involved conversation because this time there was no boss around to tell the guard to give it a rest. After being asked to pay a “fine,” I pointed out, with that devastating logic I learned in high school debate, that it made no sense for me to pay a fine for “breaking” a Moldovan “law” in Transnistria, which is (from their point of view at least) a different country. I was able to wiggle my way out of a bribe in the end. I’m guessing that most of this guard’s foreign tourist marks haven’t taken 6 years of Russian, and he decided it wasn’t worth arguing with me.

When I got to the Moldovan side of the border, the guards asked to speak to me again. They told me I hadn’t broken any Moldovan laws, but I should register my passport with the authorities in Comrat to avoid any trouble. They asked if I had paid anything in Transnistria and were happy that I had avoided paying a bribe. In general, I have a positive view of Moldovan border guards, as they seem to be pretty decent human beings. 

The bus ride through Transnistria was pretty underwhelming. They are known for hanging on to all the old Soviet monuments and slogans. I did see some Soviet throwback stuff, but Comrat has a statue of Lenin, so that stuff hardly knocks my socks off. Other than that, it’s the same as any other poor Moldovan region. The most exciting thing, I suppose, was seeing the Russian tanks that guard the Transnistrian border against Moldovan aggression. Now I get to tell people that I've been to Transnistria, which for some reason is cool among the Eastern European backpacker set.

So, in conclusion, “frozen conflicts” cause headaches and travel delays. On the upside, I now know that the right strategy in a bribe situation is to stand your ground and show that, despite your American passport, you can actually speak Russian and thus are not easily cowed. All in all, it was much better than the time that we were stuck on the Armenian border for hours and I had to fend off the romantic advances of an Armenian border guard for a good 40 minutes (at 3:00 AM!) while my friends tried to convince the border guards to let us through. But that’s a story for another blog post.